Despite the unprecedented effort of the scientific community, the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus
has infected more than 46 million people worldwide, killing over one million two hundred …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a scientific, medical, and
social challenge. The complexity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases (CVPD). Although cigarette smoking has been in …

Taurine is a non-protein amino acid that is expressed in the majority of animal tissues. With
its unique sulfonic acid makeup, taurine influences cellular functions, including …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) enters the host cell by
binding to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Other important proteins …

Hypertension is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease that constitutes a serious
worldwide health concern and a significant healthcare burden. As the majority of …

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is a multifunctional transmembrane
protein recently recognised as the entry receptor of the virus causing COVID-19. In the renin …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by massive inflammation,
increased vascular permeability and pulmonary edema. Mortality due to ARDS remains very …

SARS‐CoV‐2 interacting with its receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), turns
the host response to viral infection into a dysregulated uncontrolled inflammatory response …

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been studied extensively, and with
the inclusion of novel components, it has become evident that the system is much more …