Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become one of the most devastating
pandemics in recorded history. The main causal agent of AIDS is the human …

HIV‐1 can incite activation of chemokine receptors, inflammatory mediators, and glutamate
receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity. The mechanisms associated with such immune activation …

Proliferation of HIV in astrocytes is limited when compared to CD4+ T lymphocytes, but the
molecular mechanisms behind the disparity in cell-specific HIV propagations are unclear. In …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a potent
mediator involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders …

As therapies are developed to cure HIV, it is important to protect the CNS from additional
immune-mediated damage. Adjunctive therapies to restore glial function, reduce …

Podocyte injury is the primary cause of glomerular injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN).
Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), the triggers and markers of oxidative stress in …

HIV‐1‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a major concern in HIV‐infected
individuals despite the currently available antiretroviral therapy regime. Impaired M1 pro …

HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is one of the major concerns since it
persists in 40% of this population. Nowadays, HAND neuropathogenesis is considered to be …

Caffeine is one of the most popular consumed psychostimulants that mitigates several
neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the roles and molecular mechanisms of caffeine …

The occurrence and development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is
related to synaptic injury and neuron loss, which gradually reduces the ability of learning …