Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

Cytosolic double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) is a danger signal that is tightly monitored and
sensed by nucleic acid‐sensing pattern recognition receptors. We study the inflammatory …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis play an important role
during secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Increased neutrophil …

The immune system has evolved to protect the host from the pathogens and allergens
surrounding their environment. The immune system develops in such a way to recognize …

Acute glaucoma is a vision-threatening disease characterized by a sudden elevation in
intraocular pressure (IOP), followed by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Cytosolic double …

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability.
Clinical and experimental studies highlighted the complex role of the immune system in the …

Myocardial ischemia has a high incidence and mortality rate, and reperfusion is currently the
standard intervention. However, reperfusion may lead to further myocardial damage, known …

Exosomes and microRNAs (miRs) are critical in reducing ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury,
but the mechanism of astrocyte-derived exosome (ATC-Exo)-transported miR-34c in …

DNA-based nanoconstructs possess great potential for biomedical applications. However,
the in vivo behavior of such constructs at the microscopic tissue/cell level as well as their …