The gametophyte represents the sexual phase in the alternation of generations in plants; the
other, nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. Here, we review the evolutionary origins of the …

Pollen tubes extend rapidly via tip growth. This process depends on a dynamic actin
cytoskeleton, which has been implicated in controlling organelle movements, cytoplasmic …

Roots hairs are cylindrical extensions of root epidermal cells that are important for
acquisition of nutrients, microbe interactions, and plant anchorage. The molecular …

Key message Overview of pollen development. Abstract Male gametophyte development of
angiosperms is a complex process that requires coordinated activity of different cell types …

Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are sensed by pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) on cells of plants and animals. MAMP perception typically …

In animal and plant cells, a wide range of key cellular processes that require the
establishment of cell polarity are governed by Rho-GTPases. In contrast to animals and …

Plants respond to diverse biotic and abiotic stimuli as well as to endogenous developmental
cues. Many of these stimuli result in altered activity of phospholipase D (PLD), an enzyme …

Pollen tubes extend rapidly in an oscillatory manner by the extreme form of polarized
growth, tip growth, and provide an exciting system for studying the spatiotemporal control of …

The cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of cytoplasmic polymers, plays a central role in
numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular …

A dynamic actin cytoskeleton is essential for pollen germination and tube growth. However,
the molecular mechanisms underlying the organization and turnover of the actin …