Red blood cells (RBCs) are a specialised organ that enabled the evolution of multicellular
organisms by supplying a sufficient quantity of oxygen to cells that cannot obtain oxygen …

The aims of severe perioperative bleeding management are three-fold. First, preoperative
identification by anamesis and laboratory testing of those patients for whom the …

Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is one of the most valuable and widespread
treatments in modern medicine. Lifesaving RBC transfusions are facilitated by the cold …

Red blood cell (RBC) aging in the blood bank is characterized by the accumulation of a
significant number of biochemical and morphologic alterations. Recent mass spectrometry …

Men and women have different mean haemoglobin levels in health in venous blood—
women have mean levels approximately 12% lower than men. A similar sex-related …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, double membrane vesicles derived from leukocytes,
platelets, and cells of other tissues under physiological or pathological conditions …

Massive transfusion of blood can lead to clinical complications, including multiorgan
dysfunction and even death. Such severe clinical outcomes have been associated with …

Heme is a ubiquitous and essential iron containing metallo-organic cofactor required for
virtually all aerobic life. Heme synthesis is initiated and completed in mitochondria, followed …

Macrophages play important roles in recycling iron derived from the clearance of red blood
cells (RBCs). They are also a critically important component of host defense, protecting …

Nonessential amino acids are synthesized de novo and therefore not diet dependent. In
contrast, essential amino acids must be obtained through nutrition since they cannot be …