The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotion.
However, we lack an integrative framework for understanding how different emotion-related …

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in a broad range of behaviors and
cognitive processes, but it has been unclear what contribution, if any, the ACC makes to …

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have specific problems making
decisions, whereas their other cognitive functions are spared. Neurophysiological studies …

Specialization and hierarchy are organizing principles for primate cortex, yet there is little
direct evidence for how cortical areas are specialized in the temporal domain. We measured …

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has a near-ubiquitous presence in the
neuroscience of cognitive control. It has been implicated in a diversity of functions, from …

Apathy is a debilitating syndrome associated with many neurological disorders, including
several common neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's …

Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) carries a wealth of value-related information
necessary for regulating behavioral flexibility and persistence. It signals error and reward …

Numerous experiments have recently sought to identify neural signals associated with the
subjective value (SV) of choice alternatives. Theoretically, SV assessment is an intermediate …

Cognitive effort has been implicated in numerous theories regarding normal and aberrant
behavior and the physiological response to engagement with demanding tasks. Yet, despite …