Currently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread
worldwide as an Omicron variant. This variant is a heavily mutated virus and designated as …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

RNA vaccines are efficient preventive measures to combat the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. High levels of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 …

Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS‐
CoV‐2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays …

Adjuvants are critical for improving the quality and magnitude of adaptive immune
responses to vaccination. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated nucleoside-modified …

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health
challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, the rapid development and …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

Patients with cancer have a higher risk of severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and
associated mortality than the general population. Owing to this increased risk, patients with …

Germinal centres (GC) are lymphoid structures in which B cells acquire affinity-enhancing
somatic hypermutations (SHM), with surviving clones differentiating into memory B cells …

Multiple COVID-19 vaccines, representing diverse vaccine platforms, successfully protect
against symptomatic COVID-19 cases and deaths. Head-to-head comparisons of T cell, B …