Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …

There has been a long debate about the predominant involvement of the different adenosine
receptor subtypes and the preferential role of pre‐versus post‐synaptic mechanisms in the …

[Frontiers in Bioscience 13, 2391-2399, January 1, 2008] 2391 Adenosine A1-A2A receptor
heteromers: new targets for caffeine in Page 1 [Frontiers in Bioscience 13, 2391-2399, January …

Rationale Caffeine is one of the psychoactive substances most widely used as an adulterant
in illicit drugs, such as cocaine. Animal studies have demonstrated that caffeine is able to …

Previous studies show that high-intensity sweeteners can stimulate weight gain in rats. The
present studies examined whether caffeine, a stimulant commonly added to beverages …

A growing trend among ethanol drinkers, especially young adults, is to combine caffeinated
energy drinks with ethanol during a drinking episode. The primary active ingredient of these …

In the last decade, several studies have shown that fear memories can be attenuated by
interfering with reconsolidation. However, most of the pharmacological agents used in …

Background: Caffeine is widely considered to be a reinforcer in humans, but this effect is
difficult to measure in non-human animals. We hypothesized that caffeine may have dual …

Background Previous research indicates that individual differences in traits such as
impulsivity, avidity for sweets, and novelty reactivity are predictors of several aspects of drug …