Hearing loss is a significant problem that affects at least 15% of the population. This
percentage, however, is likely significantly higher because of a variety of auditory disorders …

Spatial hearing, and more specifically the ability to localize sounds in space, is one of the
most studied and best understood aspects of hearing. Because there is no coding of …

In cortical neurons, spikes are initiated in the axon initial segment. Seen at the soma, they
appear surprisingly sharp. A standard explanation is that the current coming from the axon …

The hippocampus is an extended structure displaying heterogeneous anatomical cell layers
along its dorsoventral axis. It is known that dorsal and ventral regions show different integrity …

In mammals with good low-frequency hearing, the medial superior olive (MSO) computes
sound location by comparing differences in the arrival time of a sound at each ear, called …

Neuromodulators can alter the response properties of sensory neurons, including those in
the auditory system. Dopamine, which plays a major role in reward and movement, has …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and play
important roles in the development and function of synapses. miR-936 is a primate-specific …

Auditory streaming enables perception and interpretation of complex acoustic environments
that contain competing sound sources. At early stages of central processing, sounds are …

Astrocytes form large gap junctional networks that contribute to ion and neurotransmitter
homeostasis. Astrocytes concentrate in the lateral superior olive (LSO), a prominent auditory …

In neural circuits, action potentials (spikes) are conventionally caused by excitatory inputs
whereas inhibitory inputs reduce or modulate neuronal excitability. We previously showed …