A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease
(PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma …

Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several
neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease …

Mitochondria are an iconic distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria
encompass an active organellar network that fuses, divides, and directs a myriad of vital …

Copper, manganese, and iron are vital elements required for the appropriate development
and the general preservation of good health. Additionally, these essential metals play key …

The mitochondrion is an essential organelle important for the generation of ATP for cellular
function. This is especially critical for cells with high energy demands, such as neurons for …

Trace elements and metals play critical roles in the normal functioning of the central nervous
system (CNS), and their dysregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders …

Mounting evidence suggests a link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) such as diabetes,
obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) …

Iron is a trace element necessary for cell growth, development, and cellular homeostasis, but
insufficient or excessive level of iron is toxic. Intracellularly, sufficient amounts of iron are …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The
exact causes of neuronal damage are unknown, but mounting evidence indicates that …

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a rare early-onset degenerative disease that affects both the
central and peripheral nervous systems, and other extraneural tissues, mainly the heart and …