It has long been hypothesized that conditioning mechanisms play major roles in addiction.
Specifically, the associations between rewarding properties of drugs of abuse and the drug …

Cognitive impairment is commonly associated with the pain experience. This impairment
represents a major obstacle to daily activities and rehabilitation, especially in the chronic …

The global population is aging and the prevalence of age-related diseases, such as
Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia is increasing. Understanding functional …

Numerous neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are associated with deficits in
executive functions such as working memory and cognitive flexibility. Progress in developing …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Abstract High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a risk factor for cognitive impairment in
Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been reported that two typical neuropathological markers of …

The view that anatomically distinct memory systems differentially contribute to the
development of drug addiction and relapse has received extensive support. The present …

Newborns on ventilatory support often receive morphine to induce analgesia. Animal
experiments suggest that this may impair subsequent cognitive and behavioral …

Introduction: Memory is defined as the ability to store, maintain and retrieve information.
Learning is the acquisition of information that changes behavior and memory. Stress …

The gut microbiota play an important role in many central nervous system diseases through
the gut microbiota–brain axis. Recent studies suggest that nicotinamide riboside (NR) has …