Pneumonia and its sequelae, acute lung injury, present unique challenges for pulmonary
and critical care healthcare professionals, and these challenges have recently garnered …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be developed into an important arsenal against cancer; it
is a minimally invasive therapy, which is used in the treatment or/and palliation of a variety of …

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease. The
characteristic pathology of progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in people with PD is …

Distinct types of immune responses are activated by infections, which cause the
development of type I, II, or III inflammation, regulated by Th1, Th2, Th17 helper T cells and …

Mitochondria are major energy-producing organelles that have central roles in cellular
metabolism. They also act as important signalling hubs, and their dynamic regulation in …

The inflammasome is a platform for inflammatory signaling, and the NLRP3 inflammasome
recognizes stimuli in vitro and in vivo, and releases inflammatory cytokines that trigger …

The receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key mediator of
regulated cell death and inflammation. Recent studies suggest that RIPK1 inhibition would …

The RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) is a conserved protein domain that is
approximately 18–22 amino acids in length. In humans, four proteins carrying RHIM …

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules within living cells that are
released when cell membranes are ruptured. Although DAMPs have physiological functions …

Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that form in response to a variety of
stress signals and that serve to catalyze the proteolytic conversion of pro-interleukin-1β and …