The CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is activated by the homodimeric growth factors colony-
stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). It plays important roles in …

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they heavily depend on the host cell machinery
to effectively replicate and produce new progeny virus particles. Following viral infection …

Macrophages are immune cells that originate from embryogenesis or from the differentiation
of monocytes. They can adopt numerous phenotypes depending on their origin, tissue …

The haematopoietic system plays an essential role in our health and survival. It is comprised
of a range of mature blood and immune cell types, including oxygen-carrying erythrocytes …

Inactivation of PI 3‐kinase (PI3K) signalling is critical for tumour suppression by PTEN. This
is thought to be a unidirectional relationship in which PTEN degrades the lipids produced by …

Macrophages depend on colony stimulating factor 1 (also known as M-CSF) for their growth
and differentiation, but the requirements for intracellular signals that lead to macrophage …

Background M-CSF recruits mononuclear phagocytes which regulate processes such as
angiogenesis and metastases in tumors. VEGF is a potent activator of angiogenesis as it …

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare histiocytosis typically with bilateral painless cervical
lymphadenopathy. Laboratory data are nonspecific, and the presence of emperipolesis in …

Sos1 and Sos2 are ubiquitously expressed, universal Ras guanine nucleotide exchange
factors (Ras-GEFs) acting in multiple signal transduction pathways activated by upstream …

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), known as a hematopoietic growth factor,
induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from skeletal muscles …