Emerging evidence has identified the association between gut microbiota and various
diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Altered intestinal flora composition has …

The circadian system is responsible for internal functions and regulation of the organism
according to environmental cues (zeitgebers). Circadian rhythm dysregulation or …

The adaptive arm of the immune system facilitates recognition of specific foreign pathogens
and, via the action of T and B lymphocytes, induces a fine-tuned response to target the …

Myelination depends on the maintenance of oligodendrocytes that arise from
oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We show that OPC-specific proliferation …

Recent data highlight the important roles of the gut microbiome, gut permeability, and
alterations in mitochondria functioning in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Circadian rhythm is a natural, endogenous process whose physiological functions are
controlled by a set of clock genes. Disturbance of the clock genes have detrimental effects …

The circadian clock provides organisms with the ability to track time of day, allowing them to
predict and respond to cyclical changes in the external environment. In mammals this clock …

The circadian rhythm is a nearly 24‐h oscillation found in various physiological processes in
the human brain and body that is regulated by environmental and genetic factors. It is …

Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system and play crucial roles in
neural development, homeostasis, immunity, and conductivity. Over the past few decades …

The neurovascular unit is where two very distinct physiological systems meet: The central
nervous system (CNS) and the blood. The permeability of the barriers separating these …