Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators
to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that exerts both
homeostatic and pathophysiological roles in the central nervous system. In pathological …

Astrocytes play crucial roles in the brain and are involved in the neuroinflammatory
response. They become reactive in response to virtually all pathological situations in the …

Inflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. In this …

The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide
(NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of …

The first case reports of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) date back to Charles Bell in
1824. 1 Although a variety of other clinical descriptions followed throughout the 1850s, 2–4 …

To counteract oxidative stress and associated brain diseases, antioxidant systems rescue
neuronal cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preserving …

Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a universally fatal neurodegenerative
disease. ALS is determined by gene-environment interactions and improved understanding …

Dominant mutations in superoxide dismutase cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an
adult-onset neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the loss of motor neurons …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a redox signal, are produced by various enzymatic
reactions and chemical processes, which are essential for many physiological functions and …