The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-êB) family of transcription factors plays an essential role as
stressors in the cellular environment, and controls the expression of important regulatory …

Protein ubiquitination is a dynamic multifaceted post-translational modification involved in
nearly all aspects of eukaryotic biology. Once attached to a substrate, the 76-amino acid …

The posttranslational modification with ubiquitin, a process referred to as ubiquitylation,
controls almost every process in cells. Ubiquitin can be attached to substrate proteins as a …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) family transcription factors are master regulators of immune
and inflammatory processes in response to both injury and infection. In the latent state, NF …

Ubiquitylation is one of the most abundant and versatile post-translational modifications
(PTMs) in cells. Its versatility arises from the ability of ubiquitin to form eight structurally and …

Ubiquitin acts as a versatile cellular signal that controls a wide range of biological processes
including protein degradation, DNA repair, endocytosis, autophagy, transcription, immunity …

The protein kinase PINK 1 was recently shown to phosphorylate ubiquitin (Ub) on Ser65,
and phosphoUb activates the E3 ligase Parkin allosterically. Here, we show that PINK 1 can …

Biological macromolecules are polymers and therefore the restraints for macromolecular
refinement can be subdivided into two sets: restraints that are applied to atoms that all …

The transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) are critical
regulators of stress responses, immunity, inflammation and cancer. A large variety of cellular …