Nation-states will need to mobilize a stepwise increase in domestic resources and put in
place a broad array of new policies in order to meet the targets set out under the Paris …

As states bring more and more offshore wind online and build renewable energy capacity,
the promise of large-scale ocean renewables such as offshore wind is not shared equally …

This paper analyses the available data on external debt burdens of low-and middle-income
countries and identifies 79 countries that are considered by international institutions as …

Figure 3: Climate Finance 2011-20 11 Figure 4: External financing sources for investment
and spending priorities for climate action and related development goals 14 Figure 5 …

Due to multiple external shocks since the outbreak of COVID-19, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
is facing acute debt distress and new highs in the cost of foreign capital at exactly the time it …

Based on assessments made by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and credit rating
agencies, this brief identifies 79 countries as being at risk of or in debt distress. Sixty of these …

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, China has pursued a Go Global strategy to
integrate itself into the international economy and increase its political influence. Central to …

This report explains how issuances of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) by the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) are an effective tool to mitigate the effects of the multiple crises that …

El derecho especial de giro (DEG) es un activo de reserva internacional originalmente
establecido en 1969 por el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) a fin de complementar las …

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Yan Wang, Brendan Harnoys-Vannier and Théo Maret
for their feedback on an earlier version of this report. We also thank Maureen Heydt …