Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-
stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a global public health emergency since …

Influenza viruses, since time immemorial, have been the major respiratory pathogen known
to infect a wide variety of animals, birds and reptiles with established lineages. They belong …

Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common diseases in
intensively managed cattle, often resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Although several …

Influenza C virus (ICV) is a common yet under-recognized cause of acute respiratory illness.
ICV seropositivity has been found to be as high as 90% by 7–10 years of age, suggesting …

Influenza D is the only type of influenza virus that mainly affects cattle with frequent spillover
to other species. Since the initial description of influenza D virus (IDV) in 2011, the virus has …

Influenza D virus is a novel influenza virus, which was first isolated from an ailing swine in
2011 and later detected in cattle, suggesting that these animals may be a primary natural …

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent
emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV …

This year, in 2018, we mark 100 years since the 1918 influenza pandemic. In the last 100
years, we have expanded our knowledge of public health and increased our ability to detect …

The recently discovered influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has been
detected in swine and ruminants with a worldwide distribution. Cattle are considered to be …