Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

In the past 15 years, there have been rapid developments in the ability to cotranslationally
incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins produced in cells, both at defined sites via …

Living systems can generate an enormous range of cellular functions, from mechanical
infrastructure and signalling networks to enzymatic catalysis and information storage, using …

Identifying the proteins synthesized at specific times in cells of interest in an animal will
facilitate the study of cellular functions and dynamic processes. Here we introduce stochastic …

Genetic code expansion is a promising genetic engineering technology that incorporates
noncanonical amino acids into proteins alongside the natural set of 20 amino acids. This …

Metabolic labeling of proteins with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) provides unique
bioorthogonal chemical groups during de novo synthesis by taking advantage of both …

Crude extract-based cell-free expression systems have been used to produce natural
products by reconstitution of their biosynthetic pathways in vitro. However, the chemical …

Selection of a single bacterial strain out of a mixture of microorganisms is of crucial
importance in healthcare and microbiology research. Novel approaches that can externally …

Bioorthogonal chemistry allows for selective and efficient modification of biomolecules in
their natural environment. Several strategies have been developed over the past years that …