Skin-centric diagnosis techniques, such as epidermal physiological parameter monitoring,
have developed rapidly in recent years. The analysis of interstitial fluid (ISF), a body liquid …

In this manuscript, recent advancements in the area of minimally-invasive transdermal
biosensing and drug delivery are reviewed. The administration of therapeutic entities …

Urea, the main nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism, is eliminated almost
exclusively by the kidney, and hence, displays considerable clinical significance in the …

Out of 463 million people currently with diabetes, 232 million remain undiagnosed. Diabetes
is a threat to human health, which could be mitigated via continuous self-monitoring of …

Application of transdermal reverse iontophoresis for diagnostic purpose is a relatively new
concept but its short span of research is full of ups and downs. In early nineties, when the …

Interstitial fluid glucose sensors have promising prospects in noninvasive glucose
monitoring. However, the commonly used method of extracting interstitial fluid, reverse …

Transdermal biosensing focuses on the qualitative and quantitative collection and detection
of biomarkers on and in the skin layers. In comparison to the blood‐based diagnosis …

Microneedles (MN) are micron-sized needles, ranging from 25 to 2000 μm in height, made
of a variety of materials and shapes. Application of MNs to the skin can create micron-sized …

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; Abstract Background Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)
need regular monitoring, usually by blood urea and creatinine measurements, needing …

Kidney failure results in fluid and toxin accumulation within body fluid compartments,
contributing to the excess mortality seen in this condition. Such uremic toxins have been …