Chronic pain is highly prevalent in the ageing population. Individuals with neurological disorders such as dementia are susceptible patient groups in which pain is frequently under …
We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of …
Facial expressions of pain are not undefined grimaces, but they convey specific information about the internal state of the individual in pain. With this systematic review, we aim to …
In highly social species such as humans, faces have evolved to convey rich information for social interaction, including expressions of emotions and pain [1–3]. Two motor pathways …
The activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been related to decisionmaking (Gehring and Willoughby, 2002; Sanfey et al., 2003; Mulert et al., 2008), socially-driven …
Effective management of pain is critical to the improvement of animal welfare. For this to happen, pain must be recognised and assessed in a variety of contexts. Pain is a complex …
The facial expression of pain is a multidimensional response system that differentially encodes affective and sensory pain qualities. The facial expression of pain plays a crucial …
Background There is general agreement that facial activity during pain conveys pain‐ specific information but is nevertheless characterized by substantial inter‐individual …
Simple Summary Detecting signs of pain in sheep is a challenging problem, as they are a prey species and would usually try to hide any signs that they are unwell or injured. This …