In kidney disease, the progressive loss of renal capacity to produce calcitriol, the vitamin D
hormone, is a key contributor to elevations in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and mineral and …

The classic pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) began with the trade‐
off hypothesis based on parathyroid hormone hypersecretion brought about by renal failure …

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) exerts its effect by binding to its cognate FGF receptor 1
(FGFR1) in the presence of its co-receptor Klotho. Parathyroid glands express both FGFR1 …

The CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of leucine-zipper transcription
factors that regulate gene expression to control cellular proliferation, differentiation …

Objective To review the inter‐relationships between calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid
hormone (PTH), parent and activated vitamin D metabolites (vitamin D, 25 (OH)‐vitamin D …

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a simple bioactive phospholipid, is present in biological fluids
such as plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). It appears to have both pro-and anti …

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the endocrine actions of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
[1, 25 (OH) 2D3] and autoregulates the expression of its own gene in target cells. In studies …

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), a disorder that affects 11% of the world's population, is
characterized by an acceleration in skeletal, immune, renal, and cardiovascular aging that …

Renal osteodystrophy is common in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage
renal disease and leads to the risks of fracture and extraosseous vascular calcification …

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease
(CKD) that correlates with morbidity and mortality in uremic patients. It is characterized by …