Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling
has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone …

Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer
of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most …

To elucidate the pathogenesis of vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs), the most common
and most severe of congenital brain arteriovenous malformations, we performed an …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted cytokines that were initially discovered
on the basis of their ability to induce bone. Several decades of research have now …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) exhibit broad spectra of biological activities in various
tissues, including bone, cartilage, blood vessels, heart, kidney, neurons, liver and lung …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling pathways are ubiquitous and
essential regulators of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an autosomal dominant human disorder of
bone formation that causes developmental skeletal defects and extensive debilitating bone …

Ovarian follicular development occurs in a hierarchical manner with each follicle having a
unique biochemical composition at any moment in time. It has long been understood that a …

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is an ovarian defect characterized by the premature
depletion of ovarian follicles before the age of 40 years, representing one major cause of …