Lanthanides are a chemically uniform group of metals (La–Lu) that, together with yttrium (Y)
and scandium (Sc), form the group of rare earth elements (REEs). Because of their many …

Hyperphosphatemia, which is nearly universal in kidney failure, is accompanied by low
serum levels of vitamin D and hypocalcemia. Without treatment, severe secondary …

Abstract Background and aims Rare Earth Elements (REE) are widely used to trace natural
geochemical processes. They are also increasingly used by man (electronics industry …

Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a potentially life altering
condition that can lead to cardiovascular calcification, metabolic bone disease (renal …

3 bromate ion C carbon Ca calcium Ca2+ calcium ion CaCO3 calcium carbonate CaSO4
calcium sulfate Cd cadmium Ce cerium Ce3+ trivalent cerium ion Ce4+ tetravalent cerium …

Lanthanides, because of their diversified physical and chemical effects, have been widely
used in a number of fields. As a result, more and more lanthanides are entering into the …

Abstract Background/Aims: Hyperphosphatemia is an important clinical consequence of
renal failure, and its multiple adverse systemic effects are associated with significantly …

Background: Vascular calcification (VC) contributes to cardiovascular disease in
haemodialysis (HD) patients. Few controlled studies have addressed interventions to reduce …

Aims: No conventional phosphate binder is entirely satisfactory for the treatment of
hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Consequently, there …

Background Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD) is a common
complication in CKD patients, particularly in those with end-stage renal disease that requires …