The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2
and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to …

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as a pivotal cellular energy sensor,
mediating the adaptation to low energy levels by deactivating anabolic processes and …

Oxidative phosphorylation provides most of the ATP that higher animals and plants use to
support life and is responsible for setting and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The …

Two-pore domain K+(K 2P) channels give rise to leak (also called background) K+ currents.
The well-known role of background K+ currents is to stabilize the negative resting …

The discovery of the sensory nature of the carotid body dates back to the beginning of the
20th century. Following these seminal discoveries, research into carotid body mechanisms …

Animals have evolved homeostatic responses to changes in oxygen availability that act on
different timescales. Although the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional pathway that …

Adenylate kinase and downstream AMP signaling is an integrated metabolic monitoring
system which reads the cellular energy state in order to tune and report signals to metabolic …

The respiratory response to hypoxia in mammals develops from an inhibition of breathing
movements in utero into a sustained increase in ventilation in the adult. This ventilatory …

The metabolic and energy state of the organism depends largely on the availability of
substrates, such as glucose for ATP production, necessary for maintaining physiological …

The hypoxic ventilatory response is arguably the single most important physiological
response accompanying the exposure of fish to lowered ambient P o 2. Increases in …