The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is the major neuroendocrine axis regulating
homeostasis in mammals. Glucocorticoid hormones are rapidly synthesized and secreted …

Researchers interested in the neurobiology of the acute stress response in humans require
a valid and reliable acute stressor that can be used under experimental conditions. The Trier …

We propose that depression can be viewed as an adaptation to conserve energy after the
perceived loss of an investment in a vital resource such as a relationship, group identity, or …

The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma - Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics Skip to
Main Content Skip to Main Menu Advertisement Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of …

Stress responses and related outcomes vary markedly across individuals. Elucidating the
molecular underpinnings of this variability is of great relevance for developing individualized …

Although the fact that genetic predisposition and environmental exposures interact to shape
development and function of the human brain and, ultimately, the risk of psychiatric …

Stress has long been suggested to be an important correlate of uncontrolled drinking and
relapse. An important hormonal response system to stress—the hypothalamic–pituitary …

Early life stress, such as childhood abuse, neglect and loss, is a well established major risk
factor for developing depressive disorders later in life. We here summarize and discuss …

Every individual experiences stressful life events. In some cases acute or chronic stress
leads to depression and other psychiatric disorders, but most people are resilient to such …

Following the discovery of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and other brain
regions, research has focused on understanding the effects of glucocorticoids in the brain …