Debate has surrounded whether the participation of trans women in female sporting
categories is fair, specifically the retained male physiological advantage due to increased …

The inclusion of elite transwomen athletes in sport is controversial. The recent International
Olympic Committee (IOC)(2015) guidelines allow transwomen to compete in the women's …

We support gender equality and freedoms in cases in which 'like equals like'. Such inclusion
is central to a progressive society. However, inclusion could potentially conflict with fairness …

While sport has been practised since pre-historic times, it is a relatively new subject of
systematic philosophical enquiry. Indeed, the philosophy of sport as an academic sub-field …

Eligibility to compete in sport is organised principally around two binary distinctions:'clean/
doped'and 'male/female'. These distinctions are challenged both by steroid users who wish …

国际体育赛事性别检测经历了非正式控制期, 强制性检测期, 有条件取消期以及隐蔽性检测期,
检测方法经历了从早期简单体检到染色体检测, 再到当前睾酮水平分析的显著变革 …

This chapter analyzes transgender participation in elite competition sports with special
emphasis on Male-To-Female who have hormonally transitioned. Social and legal …

In 2009, a controversy at the World Championships of Athletics forced a new reckoning in
sport with the issue of sexual difference and competitive fairness. The winner of the women's …

В судебной медицине существует необходимость установить для анализируемого
биологического материала половую принадлежность их владельца. Для этого …

In forensic medicine, it is necessary to establish the sexual identity of the owner of the
analyzed biological material. To do this, it is necessary to use PCR to detect specific DNA …