Taxes are an essential and uniformly applied institution for maintaining modern societies.
However, the levels of taxation remain an intensive debate topic among citizens. If each …

Introducing strategy complexity into the basic conflict of cooperation and defection is a
natural response to avoid the tragedy of the common state. As an intermediate approach …

Punishing selfish individuals is regarded as an effective method to maintain social
cooperation. In reality, the corresponding punishment probability should vary with different …

When people collaborate, they expect more in return than a simple sum of their efforts. This
observation is at the heart of the so-called public goods game, where the participants' …

Many properties of things are heterogeneous, which promotes the reproduction and
development of human society. Naturally, the reputation has heterogeneity, and the …

Payoff, emotion, and historical memory directly determine investment decision-making for
incomplete rational men in a public goods game (PGG). How these factors affect investment …

Opinion dynamics and evolutionary games are two pivotal fields in social dynamics, and the
intricate interplay between them has great practical significance and becomes worthy of …

Hypergraphs provide a precise framework for capturing higher-order interactions in complex
social systems, as well as synergy and discounting effects describe the nonlinear …

Prevalence of cooperation within groups of selfish individuals is puzzling in that it contradicts
with the basic premise of natural selection. Grasping the force that fosters and sustains …

Previous studies have demonstrated that the existence of reputation and aspiration can
extremely facilitate cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. However, most of them only …