Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy has made
tremendous progress with five CAR T therapies approved by the US Food and Drug …

Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous
phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their …

Endocytosis is a complex process whereby cell surface proteins, lipids and fluid from the
extracellular environment are packaged, sorted and internalized into cells. Endocytosis is …

The immune system has to cope with a wide range of irregularly shaped pathogens that can
actively move (eg, by flagella) and also dynamically remodel their shape (eg, transition from …

One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916). He was
the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this …

In recent decades, immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-
T) therapy are two milestone achievements in clinical immunotherapy. However, both show …

Abstract The Rho GTPases—RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42—are small GTP binding proteins
that regulate basic biological processes such as cell locomotion, cell division and …

It has been a century since the death of Élie Metchnikoff, who championed the role of
phagocytosis in cellular immunity. Whereas others had observed the uptake of particles by …

Cells of the innate immune system, notably macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells,
perform essential antimicrobial and homeostatic functions. These functions rely on the …

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that reprogram T cells to kill
cancer. The success of CAR-T cell therapies highlights the promise of programmed …