The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and
determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the …

There is growing recognition of the problem of male bias in neuroscience research,
including in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) where fewer women than men are …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress
and brain structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other …

Although both males and females become addicted to cocaine, females transition to
addiction faster and experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent. We demonstrate an …

As the central organ of stress and adaptation to stressors, the brain plays a pivotal role in
behavioral and physiological responses that may lead to successful adaptation or to …

In 2001 the Institute of Medicine, a branch of the National Academy of Sciences in the USA,
concluded that many aspects of both normal and pathological brain functioning exhibit …

The mesolimbic dopamine system—which originates in the ventral tegmental area and
projects to the striatum—has been shown to be involved in the expression of sex-specific …

Following the discovery of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and other brain
regions, research has focused on understanding the effects of glucocorticoids in the brain …

Sex differences are present for all of the phases of drug abuse (initiation, escalation of use,
addiction, and relapse following abstinence). While there are some differences among …