We study the impact of child care for toddlers on the labor supply of mothers and fathers in
Norway. For identification, we exploit the staggered expansion across municipalities …

This study examines the role of formal childcare under the age of three in tackling the early
social inequality in children's cognitive and socio-emotional competencies in Germany, by …

We study the short-and long-run effects of having a child on labour market outcomes of
mothers compared to non-mothers. Using matched employer-employee data for Italy over …

As many developed countries enact policies that allow children to begin universal childcare
earlier, understanding how starting universal childcare earlier affects children's cognitive …

Grandparents at working age frequently take care of their grandchildren. These time
transfers may constrain the formal labor supply of grandparents. Using an instrumental …

In this paper we estimate peer effects in parental leave (PL), analyzing whether mothers'
choices may be influenced by prior decisions made by their female colleagues. We identify …

This paper provides evidence that low private contributions to highly subsidised day care
constrain mothers from working longer hours. We study the effects of reforms that abolished …

A set of policies is at the center of the agenda on early childhood development: parenting
programs, childcare regulation and subsidies, cash and in-kind transfers, and parental leave …

This paper evaluates a public childcare program for children ages 0–4 in poor urban areas
in Nicaragua. Our identification strategy exploits the program's neighborhood-level …

A rich strand of the economic literature has been studying the impact of different forms of
early childcare on children cognitive and non-cognitive development in the short and …