Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

Five hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A to E) are the leading causes of liver disease worldwide.
Among them, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for approximately 350 million chronic …

Background: Mental disorders that are comorbid with chronic infectious diseases may
worsen clinical outcomes and patients' quality of life. We hypothesized that depression …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) as the main prevalent infectious agent, play important roles in
inducing severe liver diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that during prolonged forms …

The current literature describes pivotal mechanisms in which hepatitis B virus (HBV) induces
liver diseases including inflammation, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It …

Abstract Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in recognition and induction of
appropriate immune responses against viral infections, including hepatitis B. TLR7 detects …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection mainly causes liver disease, including inflammation,
cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been documented that prolonged …

Objective To assess the effects of depression and anxiety on serum cytokine levels in
patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 60 …

Innate immunity consists of several kinds of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which
participate in the recognition of pathogens and consequently activation of innate immune …

Background The failure to establish potent anti-HBV T cell responses suggests the absence
of an effective innate immune activation. Kupffer cells and liver-infiltrating monocytes …