Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the
innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers …

Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral
cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

Immune responses in vertebrates are classically divided into innate and adaptive, with only
the latter being able to build up immunological memory. However, although lacking adaptive …

Recent epidemiological studies have shown that, in addition to disease-specific effects,
vaccines against infectious diseases have nonspecific effects on the ability of the immune …

Clinical evidence strongly suggests that certain live vaccines, in particular bacille Calmette–
Guérin (BCG) and measles vaccines, can reduce all-cause mortality, most probably through …

As the SARS-CoV-2 virus wreaks havoc on the populations, health care infrastructures and
economies of nations around the world, finding ways to protect health care workers and …

Highlights•Organisms lacking an adaptive immune system can mount resistance to
secondary infections.•NK cells and monocytes have adaptive (memory) characteristics.• …

The innate arm of the immune system is generally viewed as primitive and non-specific and–
in contrast to the adaptive immune arm–not to possess memory. However in plants and …

β-glucan, the most abundant fungal cell wall polysaccharide, has gained much attention
from the scientific community in the last few decades for its fascinating but not yet fully …