Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the
maintenance of homeostasis. These pathways are also critical for adaptation to new cellular …

Following pathogen infection or tissue damage, the stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells activates members …

In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation is specifically catalyzed by numerous protein kinases
(PKs), faithfully orchestrates various biological processes, and reversibly determines cellular …

Ras is mutated in up to 30% of cancers, including 90% of pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinomas, causing it to be constitutively GTP-bound, and leading to activation of …

Reactivation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression enables cells to
overcome replicative senescence and escape apoptosis, which are fundamental steps in the …

The MAP kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways play fundamental roles in a wide range of
cellular processes and are often deregulated in disease states. One major mode of action for …

Kinases determine the phenotypes of many cancer cells, but the frequency with which
individual kinases are activated in primary tumors remains largely unknown. We used a …

The extracellular-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are evolutionarily conserved,
ubiquitous serine–threonine kinases that are involved in regulating cellular signaling in both …

Cells must be able to cope with the challenge of folding newly synthesized proteins and
refolding those that have become misfolded in the context of a crowded cytosol. One such …

The RAF‐MEK‐ERK cascade is one of the most studied signaling pathways as it controls
many vital cellular programs. There has been an immense amount of effort to determine …