The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Enzymatic reactions and noncovalent (ie, supramolecular) interactions are two fundamental
nongenetic attributes of life. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) refers to a process …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic system that constantly offers physical,
biological, and chemical signals to embraced cells. Increasing evidence suggests that …

Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCSs) have a complex architectural structure,
dynamic cell–cell/cell–matrix interactions and bio-mimicking in vivo microenvironment. As a …

Islet transplantation has poor long-term efficacy because of the lack of extracellular matrix
support and neovascularization; this limits its wide application in diabetes research. In this …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have gained increasing interest in
drug discovery and tissue engineering due to their evident advantages in providing more …

Research on human brain development and neurological diseases is limited by the lack of
advanced experimental in vitro models that truly recapitulate the complexity of the human …

Stem cells (SCs) hold great promise for cell therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative
medicine as well as pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. They have the …

Research in mammalian cell biology often relies on developing in vitro models to enable the
growth of cells in the laboratory to investigate a specific biological mechanism or process …

Tissue engineering embraces the potential of recreating and replacing defective body parts
by advancements in the medical field. Being a biocompatible nanomaterial with outstanding …