Abstract The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International
Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the
oxidation of L-tryptophan. Functionally, IDO1 has played a pivotal role in cancer immune …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an integral part of cancer. Recognition of the essential
nature of the TME in cancer evolution has led to a shift from a tumor cell-centered view of …

Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to
the development of the smallpox vaccine and subsequently the eradication of smallpox. The …

Highlights•Epitope vaccines provide maximal therapeutic efficacy with minimal side
effects.•Reverse vaccinology can be used for designing epitope vaccines.•Computational …

Cancer immunotherapy uses the immune system and its components to mount an anti-tumor
response. During the last decade, it has evolved from a promising therapy option to a robust …

The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines as a means to generate immune reactivity
against tumors has been explored since the early discovery of tumor-specific antigens by …

We are experiencing a revolution in cancer. Advances in screening, targeted and immune
therapies, big data, computational methodologies, and significant new knowledge of cancer …

Recent studies have demonstrated great therapeutic potential of educating and unleashing
our own immune system for cancer treatment. However, there are still major challenges in …

Peptide-based anticancer vaccination aims at stimulating an immune response against one
or multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) following immunization with purified …