Endospores formed by Bacillus, Clostridia, and related genera are encased in a protein
shell called the coat. In many species, including B. subtilis, the coat is the outermost spore …

The coat varies considerably in width among species. In Bacillus subtilis, where the coat is
relatively wide, it is just less than 200 nm in width, and its multilayered organization is …

Three classes of low‐G+ C Gram‐positive bacteria (Firmicutes), Bacilli, Clostridia and
Negativicutes, include numerous members that are capable of producing heat‐resistant …

Bacterial endospores are the most resistant cell type known to humans, as they are able to
withstand extremes of temperature, pressure, chemical injury, and time. They are also of …

Bacteriocins are attracting increased attention as an alternative to classic antibiotics in the
fight against infectious disease and multidrug resistant pathogens. Bacillus subtilis strain …

Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in
the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug …

Bacterial spores are surrounded by a morphologically complex, mechanically flexible
protein coat, which protects the spore from toxic molecules. The interactions among the over …

Bacterial spores are commonly isolated from a variety of different environments, including
extreme habitats. Although it is well established that such ubiquitous distribution reflects the …

Bacillus spores are highly resistant to many environmental stresses, owing in part to the
presence of multiple “extracellular” layers. Although the role of some of these extracellular …

Surface properties, such as adhesion and hydrophobicity, constrain dispersal of bacterial
spores in the environment. In Bacillus subtilis, these properties are influenced by the …