Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent depressed
mood and causes serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Hyperactivity of the …

This paper is the forty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Chronic opioid exposure induces tolerance to the pain-relieving effects of opioids but
sensitization to some other effects. While the occurrence of these adaptations is well …

Opioids are powerful analgesics that elicit acute antinociceptive effects through their action
the mu opioid receptor (MOR). However opioids are ineffective for chronic pain …

While our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cocaine and opiate
reward has historically been dopamine-focused, evidence from genetic and …

Chronic opioid exposure induces tolerance to the pain-relieving effects of opioids but
sensitization to some other effects. While the occurrence of these adaptations is well …

Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Opioids are regarded as the most effective therapy for pain. However, their clinical use is
limited by their dangerous side effects, high abuse liability, and the rapid development of …

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development, progression, and severity of many
prevalent systemic and neurological pathologies. A growing body of evidence has found that …

The opioid crisis in the United States is being fueled primarily by fentanyl and its molecular
analogs, which can be anywhere from 50 to 1,000 times more potent than morphine …