The most fundamental questions such as whether a cell is alive, in the sense of being able
to divide or to form a colony, may sometimes be very hard to answer, since even axenic …

The ability to measure all process variables is of great importance in the field of bioprocess
monitoring and control, and continuous, real‐time measurements are highly desired. The …

Strong production of recombinant proteins interferes with cellular processes in many ways.
Drainage of precursors and energy urges the cell to readjust metabolic fluxes and enzyme …

The paper gives a review on the recent development of bioprocess engineering. It includes
monitoring of product formation processes by flow injection analysis, various types of …

In recent years, much attention has been directed towards the development of global
methods for on-line process monitoring, especially since the Food and Drug Administration …

Two‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy is presented as a new method for bioprocess
monitoring. It covers a wide range of excitation and emission wavelengths and is a further …

Large cultivations of microalgae will benefit from on-line monitoring to achieve process
control and improved productivity. This monitoring requires reliable sensors for on-line, in …

Biomass measurement is one of the most critical measurements in biotechnological
processes. The technologies developed for the measurement of biomass in situ have …

New reactor concepts as multi-parallel screening systems or disposable bioreactor systems
for decentralized and reproducible production increase the need for new and easy …

Biomass is one of the most important variables in submerged-cultivation processes and, in
recent years, many different sensors have been introduced for on-line or in situ monitoring of …