The perpetuation of symbioses through host generations relies on symbiont transmission.
Horizontally transmitted symbionts are taken up from the environment anew by each host …

Chemosynthetic symbioses between bacteria and marine invertebrates were discovered 30
years ago at hydrothermal vents on the Galapagos Rift. Remarkably, it took the discovery of …

Seagrasses evolved from terrestrial plants into marine foundation species around 100
million years ago. Their ecological success, however, remains a mystery because natural …

Chemosynthetic symbioses between bacteria and invertebrates occur worldwide from
coastal sediments to the deep sea. Most host groups are restricted to either shallow or deep …

Bacteria and marine eukaryotes often coexist in symbioses that significantly influence the
ecology, physiology and evolution of both partners. De Bary (1879) defined symbiosis as …

Chemosynthetic endosymbioses occur ubiquitously at oxic–anoxic interfaces in marine
environments. In these mutualisms, bacteria living directly within the cell of a eukaryotic host …

Symbioses between chemosynthetic bacteria and eukaryotic hosts can be found almost
everywhere in the ocean, from shallow-water seagrass beds and coral reef sediments to the …

Recent molecular analyses have demonstrated that the traditional Lucinoidea, comprising
the extant families Lucinidae, Thyasiridae, Ungulinidae, Fimbriidae, and Cyrenoididae, is …

In the ocean, most hosts acquire their symbionts from the environment. Due to the immense
spatial scales involved, our understanding of the biogeography of hosts and symbionts in …

Deep-sea bivalves found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and organic falls are sustained
by chemosynthetic bacteria that ensure part or all of their carbon nutrition. These symbioses …