The final step of lignin biosynthesis is the polymerization of monolignols in apoplastic cell
wall domains. In this process, monolignols secreted by lignifying cells, or occasionally …

Conventional pulping processes and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries provide a large
quantity of lignin with heterogeneous characters, including complex chemical structure and …

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Lignin is the generic term for a large group of aromatic polymers resulting from the oxidative
combinatorial coupling of 4-hydroxyphenylpropanoids (Boerjan et al., 2003; Ralph et al …

The ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units in lignin has been regarded as a major factor
in determining the maximum monomer yield from lignin depolymerization. This limit arises …

Plants are built of various specialized cell types that differ in their cell wall composition and
structure. The cell walls of certain tissues (xylem, sclerenchyma) are characterized by the …

Downregulation of the expression of specific genes through RNA interference (RNAi), has
been widely used for genetic research in insects. The method has relied on the injection of …

Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great
adaptability and assume many different forms—with several even turning themselves into …

Applications and associated processing technologies of lignocellulosic biomass are
becoming increasingly important as we endeavor to meet societal demand for fuels …

Phenylpropanoid metabolism yields a mixture of monolignols that undergo chaotic, non-
enzymatic reactions such as free radical polymerization and spontaneous self-assembly in …