Free radicals have acquired growing importance in the fields of biology and medicine. They
are produced during many different endogenous and exogenous processes. Mitochondria …

The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is central to cellular metabolism. It
comprises five enzymatic complexes and two mobile electron carriers that work in a …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular system and is the leading
cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen …

Ferroptosis (FPT) is a form of cell death due to missed control of membrane lipid
peroxidation (LPO). According to the axiomatic definition of non-accidental cell death, LPO …

Oxidative stress, a term that describes the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants,
leads to the disruption of redox signals and causes molecular damage. Increased oxidative …

Mitochondria are known to generate approximately 90% of cellular reactive oxygen species
(ROS). The imbalance between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are series of chemical products originated from one or
several electron reductions of oxygen. ROS are involved in physiology and disease and can …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in cancer. The level of
ROS will determine physiological effects. While high levels of ROS can cause damage to …

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is central to the pathology of major cardiovascular diseases,
such as stroke and myocardial infarction. IR injury is mediated by several factors including …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder without a cure. Most
AD cases are sporadic where age represents the greatest risk factor. Lack of understanding …