The tolerance of plants to herbivory reflects the degree to which a plant can regrow and
reproduce after damage from herbivores. Autoecological factors, as well as the influence of …

A capacity for the animal to recover quickly from the impact of physical and social stressors
and disease challenges is likely to improve evolutionary fitness of wild species and welfare …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

Host defenses against pathogens are energetically expensive, leading ecological
immunologists to postulate that they might participate in energetic trade-offs with other …

ABSTRACT Several hypotheses, mainly Optimal Defense (OD), Carbon: Nutrient Balance
(CNB), Growth Rate (GR), and Growth-Differentiation Balance (GDB), have individually …

Plant biologists have long recognized that host defence against parasites and pathogens
can be divided into two conceptually different components: the ability to limit parasite burden …

A host can evolve two types of defence mechanism to increase its fitness when challenged
with a pathogen: resistance and tolerance. Immunology is a well-defined field in which the …

Hosts can in principle employ two different strategies to defend themselves against
parasites: resistance and tolerance. Animals typically exhibit considerable genetic variation …

Abstract.—Host organisms can respond to the threat of disease either through resistance
defenses (which inhibit or limit infection) or through tolerance strategies (which do not limit …

▪ Abstract Recent theoretical studies suggest that the ability to tolerate consumer damage
can be an important adaptive response by plants to selection imposed by consumers …