In the retina, photoreceptors pass visual information to interneurons, which process it and
pass it to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Axons of RGCs then travel through the optic nerve …

Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

In the vertebrate visual system, all output of the retina is carried by retinal ganglion cells.
Each type encodes distinct visual features in parallel for transmission to the brain. How …

In this work, we constructed a Collagen I–Matrigel composite extracellular matrix (ECM). The
composite ECM was used to determine the influence of the local collagen fiber orientation …

Structural rules underlying functional properties of cortical circuits are poorly understood. To
explore these rules systematically, we integrated information from extensive literature …

Sensory perception depends on the context in which a stimulus occurs. Prevailing models
emphasize cortical feedback as the source of contextual modulation. However, higher order …

How a sensory stimulus is processed and perceived depends on the surrounding sensory
scene. In the visual cortex, contextual signals can be conveyed by an extensive network of …

Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world, make decisions, and perform
complex tasks. Understanding how humans see thus represents one of the most …

Surround modulation (SM) is a fundamental property of sensory neurons in many species
and sensory modalities. SM is the ability of stimuli in the surround of a neuron's receptive …

Understanding the functions of a brain region requires knowing the neural representations
of its myriad inputs, local neurons and outputs. Primary visual cortex (V1) has long been …