Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem:
how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is …

Adaptation to the ever-changing world is critical for survival, and our brains are particularly
tuned to remember events that differ from previous experiences. Novel experiences induce …

Spontaneous animal behaviour is built from action modules that are concatenated by the
brain into sequences,. However, the neural mechanisms that guide the composition of …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

There is increased appreciation that dopamine neurons in the midbrain respond not only to
reward and reward-predicting cues,, but also to other variables such as the distance to …

Deciding when and whether to move is critical for survival. Loss of dopamine neurons
(DANs) of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in patients with Parkinson's disease …

Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that guide
animals toward the acquisition of rewards (for example, food) that are necessary for survival …

Dopaminergic projection axons from the midbrain to the striatum are crucial for motor
control, as their degeneration in Parkinson disease results in profound movement deficits …

Dopaminergic neurons play a crucial role in associative learning, but their capacity to
regulate behavior on subsecond timescales remains debated. It is thought that …

In neural networks that store information in their connection weights, there is a tradeoff
between sensitivity and stability,. Connections must be plastic to incorporate new …