Hundreds of land plant lineages have independently evolved separate sexes in either
gametophytes (dioicy) or sporophytes (dioecy), but 43% of all dioecious angiosperms are …

The presence of thousands of independent origins of dioecy in angiosperms provides a
unique opportunity to address the parallel evolution of the molecular pathways underlying …

Although hundreds of plant lineages have independently evolved dioecy (that is, separation
of the sexes), the underlying genetic basis remains largely elusive. Here we show that …

Transitions in the heterogamety of sex chromosomes (eg, XY to ZW or vice versa)
fundamentally alter the genetic basis of sex determination, however the details of these …

Almost all plants in the genus Populus are dioecious (ie trees are either male or female), but
it is unknown whether dioecy evolved in a common ancestor or independently in different …

Background Salicaceae species have diverse sex determination systems and frequent sex
chromosome turnovers. However, compared with poplars, the diversity of sex determination …

Stem strength is an important agronomic trait affecting plant lodging, and plays an essential
role in the quality and yield of plants. Thickened secondary cell walls in stems provide …

Dioecy, the presence of separate sexes on distinct individuals, has evolved repeatedly in
multiple plant lineages. However, the specific mechanisms by which sex systems evolve and …

Abstract Background Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a dioecious species with an XY sex
chromosome system, but its Y chromosome has not been fully characterized. Our knowledge …

Populus species play a foundational role in diverse ecosystems and are important
renewable feedstocks for bioenergy and bioproducts. Hybrid aspen Populus tremula× P …