Activation of the proto-oncogene c-fos in the brain was described initially almost a decade
ago and represents one of the most studied immediate early genes in the brain. Transient c …

The application of 5‐HT to the gut elicits a wide variety of effects because of the expression
and wide distribution in the bowel of many subtypes of 5‐HT. There is, however, no reason …

The recent discovery that the neurotransmitter glutamate can trigger actively propagating
CaZ+ waves in the cytoplasm of cultured astrocytes suggests the possibility that synaptically …

purpose. To identify changes in cellular signaling pathways and AP-1 expression in retina
and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) after experimental retinal detachment (RD) …

Calcium signaling within astrocytes in the CNS may play a role comparable to that of
electrical signaling within neurons. ATP is a molecule known to produce Ca2+ responses in …

ATP has been proposed as a possible chemical mediator of synaptic transmission in the
spinal dorsal horn on the basis that it is released in dorsal horn synaptosomes in a Ca (2+) …

This article reviews the wealth of papers dealing with the different effects of epidermal
growth factor (EGF) on oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, neurons, and neural stem cells (NSCs) …

Abnormalities in glutamate metabolism and glutamatergic neurotransmission appear to play
a major role in the pathogenesis of hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy …

The group-II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonists (2S, 1′ R, 2′ R, 3′ R)-2-(2,
3-dicarboxycyclopropyl) glycine (DCG-IV), S-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (4C3HPG) …

Despite extensive research efforts, drug addiction persists as a largely unmet medical need.
Perhaps the biggest challenge for treating addiction is the high rate of recidivism. While …