As NASA prepares for the first manned mission to Mars in the next 20 years, close attention
has been placed on the cognitive welfare of astronauts, who will likely endure extended …

In preparation for lunar and Mars missions it is essential to consider the challenges to
human health that are posed by long-duration deep space habitation via multiple stressors …

Interplanetary exploration will be humankind's most ambitious expedition and the journey
required to do so, is as intimidating as it is intrepid. One major obstacle for successful deep …

Microglia are the main immune component in the brain that can regulate neuronal health
and synapse function. Exposure to cosmic radiation can cause long-term cognitive …

The radiation environment in deep space includes the galactic cosmic radiation with
different proportions of all naturally occurring ions from protons to uranium. Most …

Purpose: Heavy ion and proton brain irradiations occur during space travel and in Hadron
therapy for cancer. Heavy ions produce distinct patterns of energy deposition in neuron cells …

Human deep space and planetary travel is limited by uncertainties regarding the health risks
associated with exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), and in particular the high …

Introduction Effects and interactions between different spaceflight stressors are expected to
be experienced by crew on missions when exposed to microgravity and galactic cosmic rays …

The deep space environment contains many risks to astronauts during space missions, such
as galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) comprised of naturally occurring heavy ions. Heavy ion …

Simple Summary The central nervous system is extremely sensitive to cosmic rays–an
ionizing radiation that astronauts encounter during interplanetary missions, particularly to …