The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important bridge in the switch
from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Alterations of signaling cascades are …

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family
members integrate signals that affect proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration in a …

Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by
alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is …

SOS1 and SOS2 are the most universal and widely expressed family of guanine exchange
factors (GEFs) capable or activating RAS or RAC1 proteins in metazoan cells. SOS proteins …

KRAS, the most common oncogenic driver in human cancers, is controlled and signals
primarily through protein–protein interactions (PPIs). The interaction between KRAS and …

Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) is one of the most common oncogenes in human cancers. As a
guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1) represents a …

The guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son-of-Sevenless (SOS) plays a critical role
in metazoan signaling by converting Ras• GDP (guanosine diphosphate) to Ras• GTP …

We formulated a computational model for a MAPK signaling cascade downstream of the
EGF receptor to investigate how interlinked positive and negative feedback loops process …

Ras is regulated by a specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Son of Sevenless (SOS),
which facilitates the exchange of inactive, GDP-bound Ras with GTP. The catalytic activity of …

KRAS (v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) is an oncogenic driver with
mutations in 30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no effective …