Melanoma, a skin cancer associated with high mortality rates, is highly radio-and
chemotherapy resistant but can also be very immunogenic. These circumstances have led to …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and IDO2) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase
(TDO) are tryptophan catabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of tryptophan into …

Metabolism of tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid, represent a major metabolic
pathway that both promotes tumor cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as restricts …

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a cytosolic haem-containing enzyme involved in
the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine. Although initially thought to be solely …

Simple Summary For decades nearly all cancer patients were treated with cytotoxic
chemotherapy, killing any rapidly dividing cell in the body. More recently, researchers have …

Introduction In solid tumors, regulatory T cell (Treg) and mast cell perform different roles
depending on the microenvironment. Nevertheless, mast cell and Treg-mediated …

Dendritic cells (DCs) undergo rapid metabolic reprogramming to generate signal-specific
immune responses. The fine control of cellular metabolism underlying DC immune tolerance …

Effector T cell development is directly driven by APCs, in particular, by antigen‐primed
dendritic cells (DCs). Depending on the pathogenic stimulus and the microenvironment …

Background Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody has been approved for a
variety of tumors, but its effective rate is unsatisfactory. New evidence suggests that mast …

Highlights•DCs with different Th cell-polarizing properties have distinct metabolic
profiles.•Metabolic regulators mTOR, AMPK, and PPAR-γ play key roles in Th cell …